Gateway

Example: Simple Function (TypeScript)

Consider an imaginary hospital application that monitors a range of treatment programs. Many of these treatment programs need to book a patient to have time with a bone fusion machine. To do this, the application needs to interact with the hospital's equipment booking service. The application interacts with the service via a library which exposes a function to list available booking slots for some equipment.

equipmentBookingService.ts…

  export function listAvailableSlots(equipmentCode: string, duration: number, isEmergency: boolean) : Slot[]

Since our application only uses bone fusion machines, and never in an emergency, it makes sense to simplify this function call. A simple gateway here can be a function, named in a way that makes sense for the current application.

boneFusionGateway.ts…

  export function listBoneFusionSlots(length: Duration) {
    return ebs.listAvailableSlots("BFSN", length.toMinutes(), false)
      .map(convertSlot)
  }

This gateway function is doing several useful things. Firstly its name ties it to the particular usage within the application, allowing many callers to contain code that is clearer to read.

The gateway function encapsulates the equipment booking service's equipment code. Only this function needs to know that to get a bone fusion machine, you need code “BFSN”.

The gateway function does conversion from the types used within the application to the types used by the API. In this case the application uses js-joda to handle time - a common and wise choice to simplify any kind of date/time work in JavaScript. The API however, uses an integer number of minutes. The gateway function allows callers to work with the conventions in the application, without concerning themselves about how to convert to the conventions of the external API.

All requests from the application are non-urgent, hence the gateway doesn't expose a parameter that's always going to be the same value

Finally, the return values from the API are converted from the context of the equipment booking service with a conversion function.

The equipment booking service returns slot objects that look like this

equipmentBookingService.ts…

  export interface Slot {
    duration: number,
    equipmentCode: string,
    date: string,
    time: string,
    equipmentID: string,
    emergencyOnly: boolean,
  }

but the calling application finds it more useful to have slots like this

treatmentPlanningAppointment.ts…

  export interface Slot {
    date: LocalDate,
    time: LocalTime,
    duration: Duration,
    model: EquipmentModel
  }

so this code performs the conversion

boneFusionGateway.ts…

  function convertSlot(slot:ebs.Slot) : Slot {
    return {
      date: LocalDate.parse(slot.date),
      time: LocalTime.parse(slot.time),
      duration: Duration.ofMinutes(slot.duration),
      model: modelFor(slot.equipmentID),
    }
  }

The conversion leaves out fields that are meaningless to the treatment planning application. It converts from the date and time strings to js-joda. The treatment planning users don't care about the equipmentID codes, but they do care about what model of equipment is available in the slot. So convertSlot looks up the equipment model from its local store and enriches the slot data with a model record.

By doing this, the treatment planning application doesn't have to deal with the language of the equipment booking service. It can pretend that the equipment booking service works seamlessly in the world of treatment planning.

Example: Using a replaceable connection (TypeScript)

Gateways are the path to foreign code, and often foreign code is the route to important data that resides in other places. Such foreign data can complicate testing. We don't want to be booking equipment slots every time the developers of the treatment application run our tests. Even if the service provides a test instance, the slow speed of remote calls often undermines the usability of a fast test suite. This is when it makes sense to use a Test Double.

A gateway is a natural point to insert such a test double, but there are couple of different ways to do it, since its worth having a bit more structure to a remote gateway. When working with a remote service, the gateway fulfills two responsibilities. As with local gateways, it does the translation from the vocabulary of the remote service into that of the host application. But with a remote service, it also has the responsibility of encapsulating the remoteness of that remote service, such as the details of how the remote call is done. That second responsibility implies that a remote gateway should contain a separate element to handle that, which I call the connection.

In this situation listAvailableSlots may be a remote call to some URL which can be supplied from configuration.

equipmentBookingService.ts…

  export async function listAvailableSlots(equipmentCode: string, duration: number, isEmergency: boolean) : Promise<Slot[]>
  {
    const url = new URL(config['equipmentServiceRootUrl'] + '/availableSlots')
    const params = url.searchParams;
    params.set('duration', duration.toString())
    params.set('isEmergency', isEmergency.toString())
    params.set('equipmentCode', equipmentCode)
    const response = await fetch(url)
    const data = await response.json()
    return data
  }

Having the root URL in configuration allows us to test the system against a test instance or a stub service by supplying a different root URL. This is great, but by manipulating the gateway we can avoid a remote call at all, which can be a significant speedup for the tests.

The connection also takes care of hassles using the machinery for invoking the remote call, in this case JavaScript's fetch API. The outer gateway handles converting the gateway's interface to the remote signature in terms of the remote API, while the connection takes that signature and expresses it as an HTTP get. Breaking those two tasks apart keeps each one simple.

I then add this connection to the gateway class on construction. The public function then uses this passed in connection.

class BoneFusionGateway…

  private readonly conn: Connection
  constructor(conn:Connection) {
    this.conn = conn
  }

  async listSlots(length: Duration) : Promise<Slot[]> {
    const slots = await this.conn("BFSN", length.toMinutes(), false)
    return slots.map(convertSlot)
  }

Often gateways support several public functions on the same underlying connection. So if our treatment application later needed to reserve a blood filter machine, we could add another function to the gateway that would use the same connection function with a different equipment code. Gateways may also combine data from multiple connections into a single public function.

When a service call like this requires some configuration, it's usually wise to do it separately from the code that uses it. We want our treatment planning appointment code to be able to simply use the gateway without having to know about how it should be configured. A simple and useful way to do this is to use a service locator.

class ServiceLocator…

  boneFusionGateway: BoneFusionGateway

serviceLocator.ts…

  export let theServiceLocator: ServiceLocator

configuration (usually run at application startup)

  theServiceLocator.boneFusionGateway = new BoneFusionGateway(listAvailableSlots)

application code using the gateway

  const slots =  await theServiceLocator.boneFusionGateway.listSlots(Duration.ofHours(2))

Given this kind of setup, I can then write a test with a stub for the connection like this

it('stubbing the connection', async function() {
  const input: ebs.Slot[] = [
    {duration:  120, equipmentCode: "BFSN", equipmentID: "BF-018",
     date: "2020-05-01", time: "13:00", emergencyOnly: false},
    {duration: 180, equipmentCode: "BFSN", equipmentID: "BF-018",
     date: "2020-05-02", time: "08:00", emergencyOnly: false},
    {duration: 150, equipmentCode: "BFSN", equipmentID: "BF-019",
     date: "2020-04-06", time: "10:00", emergencyOnly: false},
   
  ]
  theServiceLocator.boneFusionGateway = new BoneFusionGateway(async () => input)
  const expected: Slot[] = [
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(2), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,1), time: LocalTime.of(13,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D12")},
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(3), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,2), time: LocalTime.of(8,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D12")},
  ]
  expect(await suitableSlots()).toStrictEqual(expected)
});

Stubbing in this way allows me to write tests without having to do a remote call at all.

Depending on the complexity of the translation that the gateway is doing, however, I might prefer to write my test data in the language of the application rather than the language of the remote service. I can do that with a test like this that checks that suitableSlots removes slots with the wrong kind of equipment model.

it('stubbing the gateway', async function() {
  const stubGateway = new StubBoneFusionGateway()
  theServiceLocator.boneFusionGateway = stubGateway
  stubGateway.listSlotsData = [
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(2), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,1), time: LocalTime.of(12,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D10")}, // not suitable
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(2), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,1), time: LocalTime.of(13,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D12")},
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(3), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,2), time: LocalTime.of(8,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D12")},
  ]
  const expected: Slot[] = [
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(2), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,1), time: LocalTime.of(13,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D12")},
    {duration: Duration.ofHours(3), date: LocalDate.of(2020, 5,2), time: LocalTime.of(8,0),
     model: new EquipmentModel("Marrowvate D12")},
  ]
  expect(await suitableSlots()).toStrictEqual(expected)   
});

class StubBoneFusionGateway extends BoneFusionGateway {  
  listSlotsData: Slot[] = []

  async listSlots(length: Duration) : Promise<Slot[]> {
    return this.listSlotsData
  }
  
  constructor() {
    super (async () => []) //connection not used, but needed for type check
  }
}

Stubbing the gateway can make it clearer what the application logic inside suitableSlots is supposed to do - in this case filter out the Marrowvate D10. But when I do this, I'm not testing the translation logic inside the gateway, so I need at least some tests that stub at the connection level. And if the remote system data isn't too hard to follow, I might be able to get away with only stubbing the connection. But often it's useful to be able stub at both points depending on the test I'm writing.

My programming platform may support some form of stubbing for remote calls directly. For example the JavaScript testing environment Jest allows me to stub all sorts of function calls with its mock functions. What's available to me depends on the platform I'm using, but as you can see, it's not difficult to design gateways to have these hooks without any additional tools.

When stubbing a remote service like this, it's wise to use Contract Tests to ensure my assumptions about the remote service stay in sync with any changes that service makes.

Example: Refactoring code accessing YouTube to introduce a Gateway (Ruby)

A few years ago I wrote an article with some code that accesses YouTube's API to display some information about videos. I show how the code tangles up different concerns and refactor the code to clearly separate them - introducing a gateway in the process. It provides a step-by-step explanation of how we can introduce a gateway into an existing code base.